Have a nice summer!

It was a pleasure being your Biology teacher!  Good luck on the Living Environment Regents exam which is scheduled for Tuesday, June 19, 2012.  I hope you have a wonderful summer!

I encourage all students to stay after school for extra help this week.

Homework Due Monday

Textbooks are to be turned in on Monday, June 4, 2012.  All Castle Learning for our class must also be completed by 6/8/2012-no later.

Define all of the vocabulary terms (A-H)  that we went over in class.  This is due on Monday.  Review these terms as often as you can.  The rest of the vocabulary (I-Z) should be completed by 6/7
A
abiotic
acid
acid rain
active transport
adaptation
AIDS
amino acids
antibodies
antigen
asexual reproduction
ATP

B
bacteria
biodiversity
biome
biosphere
biotic
body cells
bonds

C
cancer
carbohydrate
carbon dioxide
carnivore
carrying capacity
cell membrane
chloroplasts
chromosomes
circulation
clone
competition
consumers
cytoplasm

D
decomposer
deforestation
dependent variable
diffusion
digestion
DNA

E
ecology
ecological succession
ecosystems
embryo
energy
energy pyramid
enzyme
evolution
excretion
external fertilization
extinction

F
feedback mechanism
fertilization
fetus
food chain
food web
fossil fuels
fungi

G
gametes
gene
gene expression
genetic engineering
gene mutation
global warming
glucose
greenhouse effect
guard cells

H
herbivore
heredity
*homeostasis*
hormones


I
immune system
industrialization
infection
inorganic


K
Karyotype

L
life function

M
meiosis
metabolism
mitochondria
mitosis
multicellular
mutation

N
natural selection
niche
nucleus

O
organ systems
organelles
organic
organism
osmosis
ovaries
oxygen
ozone layer

P
pathogens
photosynthesis
physiology
pollution
predator
prey
producer
protein

R
recombination
recycle
replicate
respiration
ribosomes

S
selective breeding
sex cells
sexual reproduction
speciation
sperm
stimulus
synthesis

T
testes
testosterone
transport
tropism

U uterus

V
variation
viruses

Z
zygote

Ecology Test tomorrow. Below are some of the things you need to know for the test. Use your review sheet that we completed in class on Friday.

Ecology is the study of how organisms interat with living and nonliving things.

Abiotic factors- non-living parts of the environment (rocks, air, ph, sunlight)

Niche is a species’ role in it’s environment (it’s JOB and what it EATS)

Population- all the organisms of a species that live in the same area.

Community - all the different populations in an area.

Biosphere - all of earth's ecosystemsCompetition - is the struggle for resources among organisms.

Limiting Factors are the living and non living things in the environment that limit the size

Carrying Capacity is the maximum population that an ecosystem can support

Predators kill and eat other organisms called Prey.

Autotrophs - (producers) make their own food by photosynthesis

Heterotrophs - must eat something for food (consumers)

Herbivores - can only eat plantsCarnivores - can only eat animals

Omnivores - can eat plants & animals (all humans!!!!)

Consumers - same as heterotrophs

Decomposers - break organisms down and return nutrients to the soil.

Scavengers - eat dead organisms that they did not kill themselves example: vultures

Parasites - live off of another organism (host) and do not kill them usually

of populations. 

5/15/2012

Homework:  3 page review of Producers & Consumers, Predator & Prey and Food Web.

5/14/2012 Homework

Define the following terms from the ecology unit:

food chain

ecosystem

producer

consumer

herbivore

carnivore

prey

predator

trophic level

omnivore

food web

decomposers

biomass

biomagnification

Quiz on Monday

Quiz on Monday...The only question you will be asked is to list the 6 main ideas of Darwin's Theory of Evolution.  (page 602 in Textbook)

Evolution Review

http://www.myteacherpages.com/webpages/BMorton/files/chapter%2015.1%20%20evolution%2010-11.ppt#257,1,Chapter 15 Evolution

4/17/2012 HW: Short answer questions (worksheet pg #21)

Electrophoresis virtual lab

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/labs/gel/

4/2/2012 Homework assignment

Use your textbook to help you locate the definitions for the vocabulary words on page 47 in the Genetics Unit. 

Index Cards on DNA and RNA

Finish creating the index cards on DNA and RNA to help you study for a quiz on Monday.   Use the worksheets that were given out in class (3/28) to help you create the index cards.   Completed index cards will be checked on Thursday for homework credit.   The questions should be on one side of the card, and the answer should be on the back.  For the diagrams,  just cut and paste them onto an index card.

Homework alert! 3/27/2012

Finish homework on the DNA worksheet.

examples of possible RCT practice questions

http://www.homeinstructionschools.com/shack/primaryquizzes/8science-05hi.html

Link to homework assignment 3/19/2012

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/tour/

http://glencoe.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/dl/free/007874184x/161752/00051105.html

DNA

http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/builddna/



http://www.dnaftb.org/1/

Quiz on Wednesday

3/14/2012 ~ Quiz on Reproduction Unit

Study castle learning questions and class notes.

Jeopardy

http://www.superteachertools.com/jeopardy/usergames/Apr201014/game1270699095.php

Homework due March 9, 2012

Click on the link below to get the quesitons. 

http://www.newyorkscienceteacher.com/sci/files/user-submitted/Reproduction_RegentsPrepQuestions.doc


Click on the link below to assist you with the answers. 

http://www.regentsprep.org/Regents/biology/units/reproduction/index.cfm

Regents Review 2.0 - Watch here

The 2011 Regents Review 2.0 series of programs can be viewed online in their entirety. All 2011 programs are in Quicktime and windows media format (WMV) and are available for free 24/7.

ttp://www.regentsreviewlive.net/watch_regentsreview.html

http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120073/bio14.swf

2/14/2012 Happy Valentine's Day !!!

Homework Alert!!!
Textbook Page 404- Questions 1-4

class assignment

http://faculty.clintoncc.suny.edu/faculty/michael.gregory/files/Bio%20100/Review%20Questions-%20lecture/mitosis.htm

Making Connections Lab

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_I-uGwm2kdY&safety_mode=true&persist_safety_mode=1&safe=active

Testing Schedule

There has been a change in the testing schedule.  The biology midterm will now be administered in class when we return after testing week. This is for Mrs. Lupo's biology classes only.

Hopefully everyone received an index card from their primary teacher before the end of school today(1/20.) The information on the index card should include the days/times of all the required testing, as well as the assigned classroom number that will have the proper testing accommodations.  Please email your primary teacher if you have any questions.  

Good Luck on your exams!

Plant Unit Review

Plant Maintenance Unit

General characteristics of plants – multicellular, eukaryotes, cell wall made of cellulose, autotrophs/ producers

What they need to survive – sunlight, water and minerals, gas exchange, movement of water and nutrients

Leaves  

• Structure – cuticle, upper epidermis, palisade layer, spongy layer, vein (xylem and phloem), lower epidermis, guard cells, stomates, chloroplasts

• Function – photosynthesis (leaf is adapted for this), transpiration, gas exchange (diffusion)

• Opening and closing of stomates/guard cells – example of feedback mechanism, has to do with photosynthesis, ATP/active transport, K+ ions, osmosis of water, guard cells swell, stomates open 

Stems

·      Structure – lenticels, xylem, phloem

• Function – transport, support, gas exchange, food storage
• Types – herbaceous, woody stems (cork, cortex, phloem, vascular cambium, xylem, pith)
• Tree rings – tree age, climatic conditions, fires, etc.

Roots

• Structure – root hairs, epidermis, cortex, endodermis, vascular bundle/conducting tissue (xylem and phloem)
• Function – water absorption, food storage, anchorage, transport, root pressure

Water transport

• Factors affecting water loss – wind, temperature, humidity, sunlight, water availability

• Root Pressure - active transport of minerals in water diffuses in by osmosis.   

• Transpiration (evaporation of water from leaf) and transpirational pull (water to water molecules = cohesion)

Chemical Control

• Auxins – plant hormones, growth regulators, produced in root tips and stems at meristems

• Tropisms – unequal plant growth in response to environmental stimulus (change)

• Phototropism – growth in response to light
• Geotropism – growth in response to gravity
• Hydrotropism – growth in response to water
• Thigmotropisms – response to touch
• Positive tropism – turning toward stimulus
• Negative tropism – turning away from stimulus

Physiology Review for Midterm

Immune System

 Disease as a Failure of Homeostasis 

·         any condition that prevents the body from working as it should

·         body may fail to maintain homeostasis

·         may become apparent right away (birth defect or poisoning), or may not show up for many years (cancer)

   

 Infectious diseases: DISEASES CAUSED BY AGENTS THAT ENTER OR INFECT BODY

Transmitted by: PATHOGENS

 Immune system:  PRIMARY DEFENSE AGAINST PATHOGEN

Body’s 3 lines of defense

First Line	Second Line If gets through 1st line Infection	Third Line
Non-Specific – “fortress walls”	Non-Specific	Specific – “security guard”
·      Physical and Chemical barriers – skin, tears, sweat, saliva, mucus membranes, stomach acid	·         Inflammatory Response – increased blood flow	·      recognizes, attacks, destroys, remembers ·       T-cells  - killer T cells cause pathogen to burst ·       Memory T-cells and memory B cells cause a quicker response if infected with same pathogen again

Types of Immunity – ability of body to fight infection through the production of antibodies or cells that inactivate foreign substances or cells

Passive	Active
·         “borrowed” immunity ·         temporary ·         Maternal immunity – antibodies come to baby from mother before birth and from mother’s breast milk	·         Body produces its own antibodies or killer T cells to attach an antigen ·         Results from having the disease or getting a vaccination

Preparation and use of a vaccine

1.      Obtain Pathogen

2.      Treat pathogen to kill or weaken it

3.      Inject altered pathogen (vaccine) into organism

4.      Body responds to antigens present by making antibodies and having white blood cells attack invader

5.      Some white blood cells specific for this pathogen remain in the body for a long time to continue the protection from future attacks by the pathogen.

Problems Associated With the Immune Response

Allergies –

·         rapid immune system reaction to environmental substances that are normally harmless

·         immune system reacts by releasing excess histamines – leads to runny nose, sneezing, rash, swelling

·         ex. certain foods, pollen, chemicals from insect bites

Damage to the Immune System

AIDS – Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome caused by HIV (a retrovirus)

condition whereby the body's specific defense system against all infectious agents no longer functions properly.

1/19/2012 Making Connections NYS lab

http://www.slideshare.net/mstrieb/state-lab-powerpoint-3725085

Physiology Unit

Organic – carbohydrates (simple sugars, starches, fiber), proteins, fats, vitamins  
Inorganic – water, minerals

 Digestive System

• Function – break down food to a usable form (which is small enough to be absorbed into bloodstream and pass through cell membranes)
• Ingestion à Digestion à Absorption of usable materials,  or Egestion of unusable materials (ex. fiber)
• Mouth à pharynx à esophagus à stomach à small intestine à large intestine à rectum à anus
• Accessory structures – food doesn’t enter, but produce enzymes or chemicals which assist in digestion, salivary glands, the pancreas, and liver

 Increasing surface area

• mechanical digestion by teeth and stomach  - for enzyme action
• bile (produced by liver) – acts like a detergent, dissolving and dispersing fat molecules  -for enzyme action
• villi – for absorption into bloodstream from s.i.

Digestive Enzymes
Site	Enzyme	Role in Digestion
Mouth	Salivary Amylase	Starchesàdisaccharides
Stomach	Pepsin	Proteins àlarge peptides
Small Intestine (from pancreas)	Amylase	Continues breakdown of starch
	Trypsin	Continues breakdown of proteins
	Lipase	Breaks down fats
Small Intestine	Maltase, sucrase, lactase	Disaccharides à monosaccharides
	Peptidase	Dipeptides à amino acids

. Function

• Excretion – removal of metabolic end products that are otherwise toxic to system
• Metabolism – all the life functions, all chemical and biological reactions – synthesis, respiration, hydrolysis, neutralization reactions
• MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS BY PREVENTING EXCESS BUILDUP OF TOXIC WASTES

II. Structures

A. Skin

B. Liver

C. Lungs

D. Kidneys

LAYERS OF THE KIDNEY

 

#1 - the CORTEX.
 §         jam-packed with lots & lots of those nephrons

§         filtering layer of the kidney.

#2 - the MEDULLA. §         middle layer

§         collecting layer.

§         Tubes carrying filtered wastes travel from the cortex, through the medulla towards the pelvis.

#3 - the PELVIS. §         area where all of the collecting tubules come together & connect with the ureter (which is structure #4).

§          ureter transports the wastes (urine) to the urinary bladder.

THE NEPHRON - the structural units of the Kidney  

• Blood is carried to the kidneys by the renal arteries, which branch into smaller arteries inside the cortex and th en lead to clusters of capillaries called  glomeruli.

§         Each glomerulus is surrounded by a "C"-shaped structure called the Bowman's Capsule.  It is here that materials such as urea, salts, water, glucose, & others pass from the blood into the nephron.

§         These materials (referred to as the "filtrate") pass through the tubule, also known as the loop of Henle.  As the filtrate travels through the tubule, useful substances are reabsorbed into the surrounding capillaries (which connect to veins that will transport the "clean" blood back to the heart via the renal vein).

§         About 180 liters of filtrate is produced each day, but only 1.5 liters of urine.  So as you can see, most materials that initially enter the nephron are reabsorbed, leaving only the urea, salts, & some water in the tubule. 

§         These metabolic wastes form urine, which is transported to the urinary bladder by the collecting tubule.

1/17/2012

HOMEWORK ALERT!!!

Complete the Respiration and Excretory System packet.

Biology Review Games

http://reviewgamezone.com/site/subjects/biology-games.php

2/6/2012 & 2/7/2012 - Career workshop for 10th Graders

1/12/2012

Homework Alert!

January 10, 2012

Homework Alert! 

Complete questions 50-53.

Save the date!

This Thursday, January 12, a counselor from BOCES will be in the Little Theatre during 3^rd and 4^th period to talk to our students who may want to attend there next year.  Students only attend one period (preferably during a free one.)  If they do have a class, they need a pass signed by their teacher in order to attend.  Passes can be picked up in the counseling center.  

Upcoming Exam Schedule

January 25, 2012- Biology Midterm ~7:30 am

January 26, 2012-Science RCT ~ 7:30 am